Polysulphide Extruder;

# Polysulphide Extruder;

* Adjustable mixing ratio,
* Adjustable hydraulic operation pressure,
* High pressure safety system,
* Heating system for base component,
* Base and Catalyzer component pumps with hydraulic feeding,
* Mixer unit for homogen mixing of two components,
* Adjustable material flow rate,
* Warning system for starting the curing of mixed material,
* Warning system for low material level,
* Electrical system compliant with general safety rules

human resources

Policy and Definition
Our Human Resources are our most important resources which are going to make efficient use of our other respurces. It is the human resources policy of CMS Glass Machinery to provide our employees with secure working environment and equal opportunities.

Employment at CMS
Applications to CMS are made via the internet, e-mail, fax, mail and by filling out an application form. Those applicants whose applications are considered favorable are invited for pre-interviews. And those applicants who are short-listed are accepted for employment after they have interviews with the relevant department heads.

Education at CMS
In order to reach their maximum potentials and in accordance with the needs of the work organization, employees are given the benefits of orientation, rotation, technical and personal development training.

Career at CMS
The more important criteria in an employee’s promotion within the ranks of the CMS are the employee’s abilities to work in a result – oriented manner, to keep the deadlines, to gain the recogniziton of seniors and positive improvements in personality profile.

human resources

Policy and Definition
Our Human Resources are our most important resources which are going to make efficient use of our other respurces. It is the human resources policy of CMS Glass Machinery to provide our employees with secure working environment and equal opportunities.

Employment at CMS
Applications to CMS are made via the internet, e-mail, fax, mail and by filling out an application form. Those applicants whose applications are considered favorable are invited for pre-interviews. And those applicants who are short-listed are accepted for employment after they have interviews with the relevant department heads.

Education at CMS
In order to reach their maximum potentials and in accordance with the needs of the work organization, employees are given the benefits of orientation, rotation, technical and personal development training.

Career at CMS
The more important criteria in an employee’s promotion within the ranks of the CMS are the employee’s abilities to work in a result – oriented manner, to keep the deadlines, to gain the recogniziton of seniors and positive improvements in personality profile.

curtain wall

Curtain wall is enhanced by the undulating form and utility
of bent glass that makes possible true organic, cylindrical,
and serpentine exteriors. Vertical glazed bent glass
expands the panorama of outside views and adds
dimension to interior spaces.

Typical bent products used in curtain wall include
insulating units assembled with heat-strengthened
or annealed glass, with the exception of those
instances where safety tempered or safety
laminated glass is required by the law,
thermal or mechanical loads, or applicable
codes1. Less prone to spontaneous breakage
than tempered glass, heat-strengthened glass
offers twice the strength but with fewer
shape possibilities than annealed glass
of the same thickness.

Ideas include bent glass with reflective,
self-cleaning, or energy saving low-emissivity
coatings. We also offer spandrel panels3
made using heat-strengthened or tempered
glass coated on a non-exterior surface with
solid ceramic frit or fallout resistant
silicone spray.

glass tempering m/c

# Flat Glass Tempering Furnace ;

* Loading and Unloading conveyors,
* Complete heating furnace, quenching and cooling sections,
* Blower system for both quenching and final cooling,
* Complete drive system,
* Pneumatic functional equipment,
* Electric cabins with internal wiring,
* Able to process glass thickness between 4-19 mm,
* Extended system for coated glass,
* Lifting property on loading and unloading conveyors,
* Cullet removal with drawer system,
* Touch panel control unit,
* Driver system on fan for energy safety,
* Long life quartz resistance and silica rollers,
* Automatic air flow circulation adjustment inside the furnace,
* Automatic SO2 gas adjustment,
* Able to control full line by operator control panel,
* Able to control furnace heating areas by operator control panel

glass

# Tilting table;

* Hydraulic tilting feature of glass-loading table,
* Air cushion system,

# Laminated glass cutting and breaking table;

* Manuel and automatic operation features,
* Double-sided cutting mechanism,
* Adjustable up / down cutting head oiling system,
* Laminated and float glass cutting function,
* Adjustable cutting pressure,
* Infrared resistance (medium wave),
* Automatic breaking of upper and lower glass,

# Positioning table;

* Reciprocating positioning system ,
* Air cushion system,
* Unloading arms,

adviser hosting

Expert Advisor Hosting is a service made available through FOREX.com by one of the leading providers of MetaTrader hosting, Gallant Partners Hosting. With Expert Advisor Hosting, you'll benefit from having your EAs (Expert Advisors) run in a professional environment designed to support 24-hour trading with 99% uptime.

Expert Advisor Hosting is ideal for clients that want to:
Run EAs 24/7 during trading hours


Access your account from any computer


Trade on Mac OS X or any OS


Easily upload and manage your EAs with a fast and secure account manager
Expert Advisor Hosting is available at no cost to FOREX.com customers, a $54.95/month value.*

meta chart

Meta Charts

Integrated seamlessly into the MetaTrader 4 trading platform, Meta Charts combines a professional charting application with MetaTrader 4's popular custom indicators, scripts and automated trading capabilities.
Click here to enlarge


Some features include:
Choose from 50 technical studies, including 30 technical indicators and 20 line studies


Create, test and automate your own technical studies and indicators using Meta Quotes Language 4


Choose from 9 time intervals, from 1 minute to monthly


Place trades and view open positions directly from your charts


View an unlimited number of charts at once


Integrate your chart analysis with MetaTrader 4's auto-execution technologies: choose from Instant Execution, Request Execution, Market Execution

forex trade

FOREX.com is a global leader in foreign exchange trading with clients in over 140 countries worldwide. Founded in 1999, GAIN Capital Group, LLC is now one of the largest and most respected firms in the industry thanks to its commitment to technical innovation and unrivalled service and support.

FOREX.com is a dedicated partner to professional FX traders and fund managers, offering a range of. institutional services including IB programs and Money Manager solutions.

Through FOREX.com, traders can take advantage of MetaTrader 4's unique features including tightly integrated Expert Advisers, hedging capabilities, customizable charting and automated trading through MQL4. Individual forex traders also benefit from our professional market research and expertise, all with the reassurance of the financial strength of GAIN Capital Group.

forex ac

Managed Forex Accounts



Hello!What i think makes my Fund different from other companies is that for me to start trading for you,

you only need to tell me your trading platform name,login name and password.Everything is suppose to be on

your name.If you already have trading account,i can start managing your account right now.If you don't have

forex trading account you can open one byyourself and then tell me your trading platfom name, login and

password,so i can log in to your trading system and start managing your account for you.I charge only

perfomance fee of 30% from profit i make for you.There is no other fees.When i make profit for you,you can

wire me fee to my bank account or send it through Western Union.When i trade for you,i don't change the

password,so anytime you want you can log in to your system and check your balance and opened positions.

We need to communicate with you when i manage your account and i think it will be good if we use a Skype

to communicate with each other.Skype is a similar to MSN,Yahoo MSG or ICQ.You can download Skype for

free,using yahoo or google search.My Skype is on almost all the time.On the next pages you can find the more

detailed information concerning what i am offering.

news

An article over at news.com:

"From Web page to Web platform
The advent of the Web 10 years ago opened up vast banks of information to anyone with an Internet connection. Now, clever programming tricks that use data from public Web sites are letting developers mix up that information to suit consumers' particular needs."

Full article at news.com.

Most people still don't understand that the web is the moral equivalent of the mainframe model from ages ago. The webbrowser has replaced the dumb terminal, the webserver the mainframe computer.

To create this new kind of true shared computing environment all one needs is a software platform like MOBIE where, in addition to many other benefits, a website becomes a computing resource, not just an information resource.

Exterior Auto Parts

Exterior Auto Parts

A wide variety of exterior auto parts are available to help protect your investment from damage, or just to make it into a smokin’ hot machine! Body molding and trim can help protect (or hide) dents and rust; mud flaps, splash guards, and fender flares can keep give your car a boost of protection against debris lying in the road.

Dress up your car with a license plate frame, a unique grille, window louvers, running boards, spoilers, wings, and body styling, sunroofs, pinstriping, and door accessories. Protect your headlights with light covers and guards. Or maybe you’re looking for a locking gas cap. Whatever you need, we can help you find it.

Body molding comes in many varieties, including vinyl, aluminum, chrome, and stainless steel. They can be custom-formed to fit your vehicle perfectly. Door guards, channel trim, accent panels, and body guards are also available to help protect your car from dents and paint chips.

Door hinges, car door handles and assemblies, and door pin inserts keep your doors securely fastened to the frame. Most fender flares are coated with a UV-resistant material to keep them looking sharp while they protect your car. Headlight covers are usually made with heavy-duty acrylic and are custom-formed to fit the shape of your car’s headlights perfectly. If you’re looking for headlight protection for an off-road vehicle, you may want to pick up some headlight guards as well. Another headlight accessory that may interest you, particularly if you do a lot of nighttime driving, is the headlight visor. When these are installed, you can use your high beams without upsetting oncoming drivers. Taillight covers, guards, and third brake light covers are also available in a number of designs, made of very durable materials.

Spoilers and wings increase stability and help you save gas money by making your car more aerodynamic. They also make your car look more sporty without weighing it down. Spoilers are usually made of a lightweight material such as fiberglass, polyurethane, or steel, and they’re built to last. Many designs are available, so you’re sure to see something you like. Wiper cowls and air dams can also jazz up the look of your vehicle.

For trucks, a rear valance and roll pan can replace the bumper to give it a classy appearance. If it’s an off-road type vehicle, you may want to pick up some roll bars as well.

Window louvers permit air and light to enter your car while keeping rain and road debris out. These are usually made from heavy-duty, rustproof materials, such as acrylic, stainless steel, or aluminum, and many designs and colors are available.

* 2009 © www.auto

exhaust

Exhaust

Modern automobiles work based off of a simple, controlled explosion that happens within the engine when an air/fuel mixture is squirted into an airtight chamber and set to explode using the spark plugs. This explosion basically pushes one part of the car (pistons), which pushes or moves other parts of the car, which turns belts and so on an so forth until your wheels are moving…all as a result of the explosion. But there is a principle law of thermodynamics that states that matter can be neither created nor destroyed, so what happened to that air and gasoline mixture that we blew up inside the piston chamber?
Enter the Exhaust

Once the gasoline and air mixture in your car explodes, the carbon in your gas mixes with the oxygen in the air and forms CO2 (or carbon dioxide). Also formed from this process is water (H20) and nitrogen (N2). Nitrogen and water (H20) are harmless to humans and naturally present in our atmosphere in large amounts. The nitrogen atoms created from your car’s engine are small enough to simply slip through the molecular bonds of your car and float free without any effort at all from us. Moving the water vapor and C02, on the other hand requires some work. Both of these are shuttled out of the engine and down a pipe toward the back of your car. Before they reach the end of your car (the tailpipe) they pass through the catalytic converter.
Catalytic Converters

Catalytic converters work as a catalyst - or a facilitator to convert or alter a chemical substance. They do this using extremely expensive components - platinum, palladium, rhodium, or gold (which is the least expensive of the four), and forcing the exhaust from your car through a small, tight honeycomb network of these and other materials, which causes them to change composition and become less harmful before they are passed out of your car’s tailpipe. In addition, the exhaust system of all modern cars has a sensor before the catalytic converter (closer to the engine), which measures the gasses coming from the engine and can notify the computer controlling the engine what the fuel or oxygen ratio is at that point. If the oxygen is too high, the engine can use a lower-oxygen ratio in the combustion to drive the car and vice versa for fuel. This enables modern engines to act at a much more efficient, fuel-saving and emissions-reducing level than was possible in early autos. Because of the extremely expensive materials used in catalytic converters, they naturally are fairly expensive to replace if they are damaged or stop functioning properly. Also, catalytic converters work best when they are heated, meaning that when you first start your car, they are doing virtually nothing at all to the exhaust that is passing through it. Modern hybrid vehicles use their batteries to heat the catalytic converter to an appropriate temperature fairly quickly, which makes them more efficient and managing car engine wastes than a standard car in addition to saving on fuel.

* 2009 © www.automobile.co

brakes

Your Auto Brakes

If you were to make a list of the most important parts in your vehicle, you’d probably place the brakes near the top. You certainly can’t drive without them and malfunctioning brakes can cause serious problems. We all have a general idea about how the brakes in our vehicles work - they slow down the car until it eventually comes to a stop, but any understanding beyond that is probably a mystery. Read this informative brake guide and expand your knowledge on this vital part of your vehicle!
Disc Brakes

Although some vehicles use drum brakes or a combination of different types, disc braking systems are by far the most popular in our vehicles today. When you push your brakes in your car, your braking system tells the pads over your wheels to clamp down. Depending on how much pressure you apply to your brakes, the pads will eventually prevent the vehicle’s wheels from spinning any further. Disc brakes have proven to be more effective than drum brakes, as they eliminate heat faster, which helps prevent brake failure. However, over time, almost all disc brake pads will wear out and require replacement to properly function.
Anti-Lock Braking System

While the Anti-lock Braking System used to be a luxury in certain cars, it can now be found in just about every vehicle out there. Each car maker has their specific anti-lock braking system, but they all generally work the same way. If you’re ever forced to slam on your brakes and come to an emergency stop, your ABS should jump into action. During your emergency stop, it will automatically take control of the car’s brake pressure in order to prevent the wheels from locking. It allows you to still safely bring your car to a halt, without putting yourself at risk to skid across the road.
Common Brake Problems

As one of the most vital parts in your vehicle, you always want to make sure that your brakes are working properly. Here’s a look at some of the most common problems that pop up with brakes and their causes:

* One of the more serious issues that can arise with brakes occurs when they begin to lock up. Some of the most common problems associated with locked brakes are wheel bearing problems or broken brake pads.
* Many people complain of squealing breaks, even when they are just lightly being pressed. While it is often only dust or simple wear and tear, it could be a more serious issue, such as warped brake shoes.
* Most vehicles have a light in the dash board for the ABS system and seeing it light up could mean trouble. Generally if your ABS light has come on, it means that there is something wrong with it and may not be functioning properly. Get this checked out as soon as possible, as you don’t want to risk not having anti-lock brakes when you have to make an emergency stop.

Air Intake and Fuel Delivery System

How Do the Air Intake and Fuel Delivery System Work?

Today, nearly every single modern vehicle uses an internal combustion engine in one form or another. Of all the hundreds of different moving parts within a common internal combustion engine, perhaps two of the most significant are the air intake and fuel delivery system. Our engines need fuel to run and air to trigger the combustion. Without them, an engine is nothing more than a large piece of scrap metal. Here’s a look at how air intake and fuel delivery systems work in car engines:
Air Intake

A standard air intake works by sucking warm air into the engine, which it can then use to oxygenate the gas inside of it. Of course, this is done to cause an ignition, providing the power the engine needs to run. Common air intakes may be fairly long, with several twists or chambers to help stifle their loud sound. While a quieter engine is probably ideal for most people, others are not satisfied with stock air intakes, most of which do not take full advantage of a vehicle’s potential horsepower.
Aftermarket Intakes

With so many people looking for power in their engines, the aftermarket industry for air intake systems has grown exponentially over the past several years. Many auto enthusiasts believe that buying an improved air intake is actually the easiest way to get the most horse power out of your engine, usually allowing 5-10 greater horsepower. Aftermarket air intake systems typically work by providing increased airflow through a more direct route into the engine. There are also cold-air intake systems that offer even better performance, as cool air contains more oxygen than warm air.
Fuel Delivery

In most vehicles today, fuel delivery is handled by a complex nozzle and valve, typically referred to as the fuel injector. It works by mixing fuel and air in engines, creating the combustion they require to operate. Fuel injectors are carefully tuned to each specific type of engine and the kind of fuel they will run off of. Today, they are electronically controlled to regulate the timing and amount of fuel allowed to enter the engine. There are aftermarket fuel injectors available for some vehicles, although they are not as easily installed as air intakes.
Fuel Injector Repair and Safety

Believe it or not, fuel injectors are one of the few parts in a vehicle that will probably never need replacing and require very little maintenance. Very little should ever go wrong with it and they really don’t even need to be cleaned. There are fuel injector cleaners, but most auto experts find that they aren’t very useful. Should you ever want to examine your fuel injector, be aware that they can be dangerous if handled improperly. Residual pressure and fuel may remain in the injector, which can act as a hypodermic jet injector and cause serious injury.

* 2009 © www.automobile.co

engine

Engines & Components

The heart of any automobile or motorcycle is the internal combustion engine that drives virtually everything else in the car. Car engine technology has grown and changed significantly in the last 50 years or so, but the basic principle of internal combustion has not changed at all. The basic way that an engine works is the same whether your car is a 1978 Pinto or a 2009 Lamborghini. Obviously there are differences in the parts that are used and their effectiveness, but what those parts are doing all boils down to the same thing: converting gasoline into motion to get you from point A to point B.
How Engines Work

At the most basic level, an engine takes gasoline, mixes it with a little air and then forces it into an otherwise airtight chamber and sets the whole thing on fire. The gasoline and oxygen both explode - POOF - and push little pistons away with great force. That force then pushes something else, which turns something else, which pushes something else, so on and so forth until we get to the wheels of your car which turn - all as a result of the little explosion in your engine. The earliest, simplest engines worked by allowing the gasoline and air to seep or be dropped into the piston chamber for explosion. While it worked it wasn’t extremely efficient and could sometimes cause other problems such as an explosion if the chambers didn’t re-seal properly. Today, car engines use fuel injection technology, which means that the oxygen/fuel mixture are squirted into the piston chamber under pressure and in very precise amounts. This level of control, coupled with computer technology means that cars can more closely control their gas usage and affect acceleration as needed.
Engine Parts

Any modern car built today uses what is known as a “four-stroke combustion cycle.” This cycle, also known as an “Otto Cycle” was invented by Nikolaus Otto in 1867. The four strokes of the combustion cycle are the :

* Internal Stroke
* Compression Stroke
* Combustion Stroke
* Exhaust Stroke

All of these four processes serve to get the gas into the chamber, explode it, and then release the residue (exhaust) out of another chamber while preparing for a new cycle. The explosion of gas and oxygen are created by the spark plug - a small, simple device that does exactly what its name implies: generating a spark of electricity at the right moment.
Problems with the Car Engine

Car Engine problems come in three major category of problem: the lack of compression, a bad fuel mix, or lack of a spark. As complex as many engines are, two of these three issues are fairly easy to fix while the third may cost a pretty penny and take a good deal of time to repair. A bad fuel mix means that you are not getting enough gas, you are not getting enough air, or you are getting too much of either. Also, getting water or another impurity in your gas tank will cause the mixture to not combust properly. These problems (except water in your tank) are usually fairly easy to track down and correct. A problem with compression is the most serious of the three because it often indicates wear in your piston rings, a problem with the seals or a hole in your cylinder(s). These problems require more work to repair or replace the damaged parts. A problem with your spark plugs may simply be timing (the spark plugs are not firing at precisely the right point in the combustion cycle), or that your spark plugs are too weak and need to be replaced.

auto

Chevy Volt to Get 230 mpg: Is it possible?

A summer 2009 announcement by General Motors that it expected the upcoming Chevy Volt to get a shocking 230 mpg in city driving certainly turned heads. The obvious response from the country: Is it true? The answer: We’re not quite sure yet. The announcement has made the arrival of the Volt in early 2011 one of the most anticipated car debuts in recent history, and has positioned the Volt to change the reputation and excitement surrounding American automakers.
How it works

The Volt will be a revolutionary electric vehicle that uses a new powertrain developed by GM. This “Voltec” system will use electricity to power the car. It can be recharged through a standard electrical outlet - just like a toaster or a coffee maker, but quite more powerful.

According to GM’s engineers, a normal driver will travel 40 miles before gasoline is even used. GM points to this fact as important because the majority of car trips are much less than 40 miles - meaning, the Volt is intended to be a solely electric vehicle for nearly all of the time. The Volt will be equipped with a smart four-cylinder engine that will kick on only when it “knows” you are running out of your battery charge. An internal GPS system will be able to detect how far you are from home and will disengage the gasoline engine when it has enough of a charge to get you home.
But really 230 mpg?

about

Reasons to trade with FOREX.com
Spreads from just 1-2 pips, and no commission

Our dealing spreads are as low as 1-2 pips on the most widely traded currency pairs. And with our fractional pips, you gain an extra digit of precision so that you can take advantage of smaller price movements.

We don't charge commission on our trades, so all you pay is the spread.

Learn more about pricing and spreads

37 currency pairs, plus spot metals and oil

FOREX.com offers trading in 37 currency pairs, plus spot metals and Brent Crude Oil.

Currencies and commodities such as gold and silver are highly liquid fast moving markets that offer the opportunity to speculate on price movements driven by a wide range of economic factors, or hedge against movements in other markets.

FOREX.com offers access to 37 of the most popular currency pairs to ensure that our clients around the world can trade the currencies they want to.

Exclusive access to proprietary research and market commentary

As a FOREX.com client you have access to a wealth of information and research to help you identify trading opportunities. Visit our Resources centre to read more about our:

* Daily and weekly forex research
* Streaming ForexInsider market commentary

Professional charting packages

With FOREX.com you have a choice of charting packages to meet your needs. FOREXTrader Charts is fully integrated into our trading platforms, and is available free to every client.

We also offer ForexCharts by eSignal as a professional level charting package for more active clients.

Read more about charting with FOREX.com
Online training courses and webinars

Our free online training courses provide novice currency traders with a broad overview of the Forex market, covering everything from the factors that drive currency movements through to reading charts and effectively using leverage.

FOREX.com also offers regular webinars, one-to-one support form forex experts, and a practice account to test your forex trading skills risk free.
Flexible order types including stops and limits to manage your risk

Our flexible order types allow you to manage the risk in your account by implementing trading strategies that match your appetite for risk. In addition to click-and-deal trading, we offer limit orders, stop loss orders, guaranteed stop loss orders and trailing stop loss orders.
Automated trading strategies supported

FOREXTrader and FOREXTrader.web offer the flexibility to trade exactly as you want to. We recognise that our clients may want to use a wide range of trading strategies, including automated execution, and we have built our platforms to facilitate this.

FOREXTrader supports full automated trade execution through a standard FIX protocol or API.

Find out more about API trading
Account types and leverage to suit your risk appetite

Standard account: For active forex traders who are comfortable trading standard lot sizes
Leverage 100:1
Contract (lot) size 100k
Mini account: For those newer to the forex market, or wanting to trader smaller contract sizes
Leverage 200:1
Smaller contract size of £10k
Choice of web and downloadable trading platforms

FOREX.com has won numerous awards for its online trading platforms over the last 10 years. ForexTrader and ForexTraderWeb are exclusive to FOREX.com, offering one click dealing in 37 currency pairs, plus spot metals and oil. Our platforms combine innovation and ease of use to provide advanced customisation features, an intuitive user interface and a full suite of professional charting and order management tools. In addition, we offer access to the MetaTrader4 platform for technical forex traders.
Customer support 24 hours a day

Whatever time of day you trade, we are here to provide support. You can reach our knowledgeable representatives 24 hours a day from Sunday evening through to Friday evening GMT by phone, email, or live chat.


* Competitive pricing
o Spreads from just 1-2 pips
o 37 currency pairs plus spot metals and oil

* Expert research and resources
o Proprietary research and market commentary
o Professional charting packages
o Online training courses and webinars

* Sophisticated trading tools
o Flexible order types including stops and limits
o Automated trading strategies supported

* Flexibility
o Account types and leverage to suit your risk appetite
o Choice of web and downloadable trading platforms

* Customer support 24 hours a day
o Customer support 24 hours a day

trade

Trade Currencies and Spot Metals

24-hour access to licensed representatives

24 hour trading in global currencies and spot metals with dealing spreads as low as 1-2 pips on the most widely traded currency pairs.


Unrivalled customer service and support from forex specialists around the clock - by phone, email and live chat.
Price Transparency

Training and education

With FOREX.com you can be sure of competitive spreads and quality executions. We maintain relationships with over a dozen of the world's leading FX banks to ensure unrestricted trading whatever the market conditions, and we quote prices in 0.1 pip increments to help you take advantage of smaller price movements.


Whatever your level of experience we have the resources you need to improve your forex trading. With FOREX.com you have free access to comprehensive online training courses, webinars, and one-to-one support from our forex specialists - covering everything from an intro to forex through to technical trading strategies.
Powerful trading tools

Unique research from experts

We've designed our trading platforms to make it easy to put your trading strategy into action. Integrated trading tools include advanced order management tools, auto execution, and a choice charting packages that includes eSignal.


Our experienced research team provides insightful market analysis you won't find anywhere else, from real-time commentary to weekly reports, covering both fundamental and technical indicators, all available free of charge to FOREX.com traders.

mortgaging expert

Expatriate Mortgages Experts

INTERNATIONAL MORTGAGE PLANS (IMP) are the UK's leading independent providers of expat mortgage finance for British expats purchasing or refinancing UK property for family use or commercial letting. IMP also provide mortgages for Foreign nationals looking to finance property in the UK.

Established in the UK in 1975 and in Hong Kong in 1987, IMP are also represented in most expatriate locations. We access the mortgage market via a constantly reviewed panel of bank and building society lenders . Expatriate mortgage finance facilities are available to individuals and intermediaries.

Current Market Conditions - With lenders terms and criteria changing daily please complete our online mortgage enquiry form. This will enable us to let you know which terms are available to you.





Browse our site to find details of current expatriate mortgage offers, Exclusive remortgage and buy to let schemes. No obligation quotation available via our online mortgage enquiry form

International Mortgage Plans (IMP) have numerous plans with mortgage lenders that will cater for expats purchasing or remortgaging their main UK property or UK Buy-to-Let properties, be it one property or multiple properties. We have arrangements that will cater for offshore companies and trusts looking to arrange finance on UK properties. Due to our established track record with lenders over a number of years IMP are able to obtain bespoke terms for loans over £1 million.

Our IMP mortgage news gives details of the UK mortgage market and the latest property news. For details of our current exclusive mortgage schemes please see our Expat mortgage rates and Buy-to-Let mortgage pages.

For UK residents we can send you details of our current market leading buy to let mortgage terms

You can contact us by phone, email or complete our online enquiry form and we will respond to your needs.

financing

In this article, we'll cover the choices you have for financing, what determines the interest rate you get, and how to determine if you're really getting the best deal, as well as some scams to watch out for. We'll even give you a cheat sheet to take with you when car shopping to help you figure out things like whether taking the rebate or getting the zero-percent interest deal is best.

­

If you're like most people, paying cash to buy a new car just isn't in the realm of possibility. And even if it's in the realm, you may not want to deplete your savings account to buy a new vehicle. This means that you're either going to be leasing the car, or buying the car by financing it. If you're buying, then you're probably financing it through the dealership, a bank or credit union, an online financial institute, or maybe even a family member.

While leasing is good for a lot of situations, it's a whole other animal, so in this article, we're focusing on financing. If you know you want to finance your car rather than pay cash, then you need to do your homework and decide how to get the best financing deal.

If you do have the money to pay cash for your car and are considering doing it, how do you know if it's really the right thing to do? Here are some instances when paying cash really is in your best interest.

* If you could pay more interest by financing that amount of money than you could earn if you invested it or kept it in a savings account of some sort

* If you don't have a very good credit rating and would have to pay a high interest rate to finance (more on this later)

* If you have a lot of debt already but enough cash on hand, and don't want to further damage your credit rating

But if you're like many people, you probably need to finance your car. So in the next section, we'll look at the pros and cons of financing resources and find out how to determine the best rate.

abt lnissan

We have a few reservations about the 370Z - mostly that its general approach, and specifically its engine, aren’t the most sophisticated. There would also appear to be some variation between cars; I tried two roadsters, one had a smoother engine, the other a better gearbox, but both handled more sweetly than the coupe we had for our Britain’s Best Drivers car event.

However, it’s impossible not to be won over by the exceptional blend of entertainment, performance and value for the money. And while the Coupe remains the purer model, the roadster version asks far fewer compromises than the 350Z ever did.

nissan

Nissan 370Z Roadster

Test date Wednesday, September 02, 2009 Price as tested TBA

Nissan 370Z Roadster

350Z's vinyl roof has been replaced by a fabric unit

What is it?

The convertible version of Nissan’s recently released 370Z sports car. Like the coupe, the 370Z Roadster is both shorter and wider than the old 350Z droptop, and is powered by a larger 3.7-litre V6, producing 326bhp.

What remains unchanged is the Z’s back to basics approach – this being an honest take on the sports car: rear-wheel drive, a large capacity naturally aspirated engine, solid mechanical gearchange and in the case of this roadster, a conventional fabric roof.
What’s it like?

Aesthetically a great deal more resolved than the old open 350Z. Because the roof is longer and has a more steeply racked rear screen it flows more neatly into the lines of the car. In short, it looks much less like an afterthought, such that the 370Z is more handsomely proportioned with the roof up.

To improve perceived quality the roof is now constructed from cloth rather than vinyl, and has an inner skin to enhance refinement. With the roof lowered, the absence of metal work above the rear deck emphasises the 370Z’s broader more overtly sculptured rear arches. Meaning even in roadster form, the 370Z is a very muscular looking car, much more so than the old 350Z.

To drive, the 370Z roadster is pretty close to the coupe. Which means good on technical ability (pace, grip and poise) if a touch light on finesse (engine refinement and delicacy of feedback), but crucially, big of charm.

A Boxster may offer rewards that run deep and last longer, but there’s an immediacy, honesty and accessibility to the Z that’s difficult to resist. To which this roadster detracts only marginally while providing several other benefits. The roof mechanism and chassis strengthening add just 61kg to the weight, so the performance suffers only slightly and is still entirely adequate.

While there is more body flex, for a convertible it is well checked (rear torsional stiffness having been improved by 45 per cent over the 350Z). Where the Roadster scores over the coupe, principally comes down to noise. The Roadster allows a better appreciation of the V6, while also suffering a little less road roar with the roof raised (the cabin being separated from the rear wheels by the roof storage compartment).

Roof down the refinement is less impressive. While Nissan claims less wind buffeting than the Boxster, this doesn’t tally with my personal experience.

bmw

Test date Wednesday, September 02, 2009 Price as tested £40,810

BMW 5-series GT 530d

Three-litre diesel has 242bhp and 398lb ft of torque

What is it?

The X6 is all well and good, so is the 7-series and so is the 5-series Touring. BMW insists, though, that if you make a triangle out of those three cars, the car that fills the space in the middle will be perfect for a lost generation of potential buyers who want some of each car, but not all.

So the 5-series Gran Turismo was built specifically to mop them up and, BMW evangelistically claims, to create an entirely new market segment – something the car industry really hasn’t managed since the Renault Scenic.

So BMW’s got big claims behind this car, but it actually does offer 7-series front and rear leg room, luxury and entertainment features, as well as X5 head room, monster luggage space and cracking new engine and gearbox technology.
What’s it like?

All of that evangelism can turn you off a car before you even drive it, but that would be a mistake with this car.

For starters, there’s the technology. It has the latest generation of 3.0-litre diesel, which is expected to comfortably outsell the 535i GT in Europe. It deserves to as well, because it has 241bhp of power at 4000rpm and 398lb ft of torque from 1750 to 3000rpm.

It will help that it’s the cheapest Gran Turismo, but it’s also the best of the GT’s engine range.

But while it’s not the fastest, it never actually feels wanting. Our side-by-side charges showed the 535i consistently pulling away, even in rolling in-gear sprints, but the 530d version was never humbled as it smoothly charged through its eight gears, swapping seamlessly regardless of whether the brilliant new transmission was in its softest or sportiest settings.

BMW claims it will pull 43.5mpg on the EU combined cycle, but we didn’t come close to that. In fact, we comfortably halved it without even trying and, with only a 70-litre tank, the GT might be stopping to refuel more than we’d like.

Short-range tank apart, it will be a legendarily good cruiser. The engine idles at 700rpm, and at 62mph it’s only ticking over at 1350rpm. At 80mph it’s only pulling 1700 revs – which isn’t even at the torque peak yet – and at 124mph it’s still only around 2200rpm. Relaxed? You bet.

If the driveline is comfortable, the cabin backs it up, and then some. It will be the tank dictating your stops, not your back. The seats are brilliant, with soft initial cushioning and firm support beneath it – and that goes for all four of them (a bench seat, with a strictly temporary middle seat, is actually standard).

It’s almost better in the back, too. It sits on exactly the same wheelbase (and tracks) as the 7-series, so there’s plenty of space, but it’s been cleverly worked on. The design of the dash and front doors flows beautifully into the rear, where the seats adjust fore and aft individually and so do their backrests. And BMW has rediscovered the joy of oddments storage space in the cabin.

BMW makes much of the rear hatch, which has a small opening that doesn’t crack the passenger bulkhead and a big one that does, but the important thing is that the space is very flexible, with up to 1700 litres with the rear seats folded down.

All of that would mean nothing if the chassis wasn’t this astonishingly good. At 1960kg, the 530d GT has every excuse to be a floppy mess. It isn’t.

Dynamic Drive Control, which tweaks the gearbox, throttle and steering maps and the dampers, is standard and ranges from Comfort to Sport+ programs. Forget the extremes (Comfort is too wallowing and Sport+ is too aggressive on bump) and keep it inside Normal and Sport and you’ll find a terrific chassis lurking here.

It’s balanced, it never gets unsettled, it’s quiet, the ride quality is brilliant and there’s so much poise that it’s difficult to imagine how you’d ever throw one away, aside from falling asleep in it.

Its only noticeable flaw – and, even then it’s magnified out of all proportion by the quality of everything else it does – is the thumping noise out of the rear suspension as the air spring pushes its shaft back down on broken, square-edged holes. It’s like that, we were told, because the spring rate has been set for the car to run at its maximum load, which is 600kg heavier than as tested.
Should I buy one?

BMW 5-series GT picture gallery

That depends on a lot of things about you, such as what you need, what you don’t need and how big your parking space is.

Don’t automatically nay-say it, though, because it doesn't feel like a 5-series and it doesn't feel like an X5, either. The driver’s hip point sits exactly between them, and so does the whole feel of the car.

The front suspension is pure 7-series, the rear is from the next generation of 5-series Touring and somehow they’ve been combined to make the GT feel as though it does indeed occupy its own turf, yet it still feels like a BMW.

It ends up being a car that is just so crackingly good that you forget everything BMW has tried to convince you of and just respect is as a superbly engineered machine. Because it is.

Definitely a drive-it-before-you-discount-it proposition.

chech it out

sony eriction

30 Aug
Cool Ring Tones for your mobile
Posted on 2009 under Uncategorized | No Comment


Top Ringtones for your Mobile!

Checkout the above link for cool ring tones for your mobile phone. Enter your mobile number , you will get a SMS message along with a code . Enter that code in the website , and enjoy the great collection of ring tones for your mobile phone.

Note: Currently available only for US .

25 Jul
download sony ericsson themes free – daily updates
Posted on 2009 under Uncategorized | No Comment

SE_themes

SE_themes If you want new themes for your sony ericsson phone(Sony ericsson themes ), please check out SonyEricssonThemes.US all kind of new themes will be added every day.

22 Jan
How to upload files to your phone using wap ?
Posted on 2009 under Mobile News | No Comment

All the new generation phones can be used to browse normal HTML sites similar to browsing in PC . If you are having a phone supporting wap browser and you need to send a file to any of your/ friends phone , you can use wap19.com WAP file Uploading Service . The steps are as follows

Steps

1 . Go to www.wap19.com from your PC browser. You will see a site as below(click to enlarge)

2 . Click on browse and select a file you want to send . After selecting the file click send.

3. On the next page you will get a ID number . Note that number .

4. Take your mobile phone and open the wap browser (eg : Opera Mini) . Then go to www.wap19.com/wap.php and then enter the number and pres find file

and that file will be downloaded to your mobile phone . If you have any doubts please comment .

18 Jun
Nokia N95 Video Calling
Posted on 2008 under Uncategorized | No Comment

n95.video call

Call your friends – see them live and chat

Note: your network should support video calling . Please contact your mobile phone carrier to see whether they allow video calling .

You can see a secondary camer on the front side of your nokia mobile which allows the video calling,to

enable video calling, you must first invest in a USIM card (an advanced SIM used in 3G mobile phones) and be in the coverage of a UMTS (3G) network.

If you are ready with all the features above , go through the following steps to make a video calling .

From the start-up screen:

· Main Menu button to the left of the directional keys

· >>Contacts

· Select the contact you wish to make Video Call with

· >> Options >> Video Call

You will see a message saying “Waiting for a video call” .when the call is ready , you can chat . enjoy

head top

redengine

arao enfineering

Arao Engineering Inc. is a company that

Truly believes in the saying “MORE IS BETTER”.

For instance our 32valve B-2 s.b. Chevy heads were put on a basic 350 cu.in. motor.
This motor consisted of: 10:1 compression, single plane street aluminum intake manifold, standard early LT1 hydraulic roller cam, 750 cfm. Holley carb. .Which produced 475 horse power @ 6,000 RPM that’s 203horse power more than a stock iron head, 159 horse power more than a very well known aluminum 2valve (CNC ported) head . As far as torque is concerned we walked away again. With producing 437 ft. lbs @4500 RPM leaving the aluminum 2valve 56 ft. lbs. behind and the iron heads 82 ft. lbs. behind.
When the aluminum 2valve and iron heads stopped making torque and started going backwards. Our heads kept going (almost like the Energizer Bunny!) at 6,000 RPM still producing over 415 ft. lbs. of torque. Leaving the aluminum 2valve heads behind by 139 ft lbs. of torque . the iron head was then behind by a pathetic 177ft.lbs. of torque.
We then decided to play around with the jetting and little bigger camshaft and produced just under 600 horse power. Keep in mind this was all done with our B-2 series head .
Which is what we consider our baby head due to the B-3 , C-2, C-3, Raised Runner, and HIGH Port, are 5 more levels above the B-2 series. In turn a 1,000 Horse Power naturally aspirated small block can be achieved with the right combination.

For those of you out there who still want more!

You can add a BLOWER, TURBO, or NITROUS !

Which are all compatible with all of our 32valve head packages.

operation

Operations
Toyota Pavilion at the Expo in Aichi

Toyota has grown to a large multinational corporation from where it started and expanded to different worldwide markets and countries. It displaced GM and became the world's largest automaker for the year 2008. It held the title of the most profitable automaker ($11 billion in 2006) along with increasing sales in, among other countries, the United States. The world headquarters of Toyota are located in its home country in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Its subsidiary, Toyota Financial Services sells financing and participates in other lines of business. Toyota brands include Scion and Lexus and the corporation is part of the Toyota Group. Toyota also owns majority stakes in Daihatsu, and 16.7% of Fuji Heavy Industries, which manufactures Subaru vehicles. They also acquired 5.9% of Isuzu Motors Ltd. on November 7, 2006 and will be introducing Isuzu diesel technology into their products.

Toyota has introduced new technologies including one of the first mass-produced hybrid gas-electric vehicles, of which it says it has sold 1 million globally (2007-06-07),[24] Advanced Parking Guidance System (automatic parking), a four-speed electronically controlled automatic with buttons for power and economy shifting, and an eight-speed automatic transmission. Toyota, and Toyota-produced Lexus and Scion automobiles, consistently rank near the top in certain quality and reliability surveys, primarily J.D. Power and Consumer Reports.[25]

In 2005, Toyota, combined with its half-owned subsidiary Daihatsu Motor Company, produced 8.54 million vehicles, about 500,000 fewer than the number produced by GM that year. Toyota has a large market share in the United States, but a small market share in Europe. Its also sells vehicles in Africa and is a market leader in Australia. Due to its Daihatsu subsidiary it has significant market shares in several fast-growing Southeast Asian countries.[26]
Century is the official state car of the current Emperor of Japan.

According to the 2008 Fortune Global 500, Toyota Motor is the fifth largest company in the world. Since the recession of 2001, it has gained market share in the United States. Toyota's market share struggles in Europe where its Lexus brand has three tenths of one percent market share, compared to nearly two percent market share as the U.S. luxury segment leader.

In the first three months of 2007, Toyota together with its half-owned subsidiary Daihatsu reported number one sales of 2.348 million units. Toyota's brand sales had risen 9.2% largely on demand for Corolla and Camry sedans. The difference in performance was largely attributed to surging demand for fuel-efficient vehicles. In November 2006, Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas added a facility in San Antonio.[27] Toyota has experienced quality problems and was reprimanded by the government in Japan for its recall practices.[28] Toyota currently maintains over 16% of the US market share and is listed second only to GM in terms of volume.[29] Toyota Century is the official state car of the Japanese imperial family, namely for the Emperor of Japan Akihito.

Toyota was hit by the global financial crisis of 2008 as it was forced in December 2008 to forecast its first annual loss in 70 years.[30] In January 2009 it announced the closure of all of its Japanese plants for 11 days to reduce output and stocks of unsold vehicles.[31]

Early in 2009, media sources reported that Akio Toyoda, grandson of the founder, will be promoted in June from vice-president to the position of President, replacing Katsuaki Watanabe.[32] Akio Toyoda became the new president and CEO of the company on June 23, 2009 by replacing Katsuaki Watanabe who became the new vice chairman by replacing Katsuhiro Nakagawa.[33][34]

toyota phioshophy

Toyota philosophy
Main article: The Toyota Way

Toyota's management philosophy has evolved from the company's origins and has been reflected in the terms "Lean Manufacturing" and Just In Time Production, which it was instrumental in developing.[22] The Toyota Way has four components:

1. Long-term thinking as a basis for management decisions.
2. A process for problem-solving.
3. Adding value to the organization by developing its people.
4. Recognizing that continuously solving root problems drives organizational learning.[23]

The Toyota Way incorporates the Toyota Production System.

toyota phioshophy

Toyota philosophy
Main article: The Toyota Way

Toyota's management philosophy has evolved from the company's origins and has been reflected in the terms "Lean Manufacturing" and Just In Time Production, which it was instrumental in developing.[22] The Toyota Way has four components:

1. Long-term thinking as a basis for management decisions.
2. A process for problem-solving.
3. Adding value to the organization by developing its people.
4. Recognizing that continuously solving root problems drives organizational learning.[23]

The Toyota Way incorporates the Toyota Production System.

toyota history

History
Main article: History of Toyota

Toyota started in 1933 as a division of Toyoda Automatic Loom Works devoted to the production of automobiles under the direction of the founder's son, Kiichiro Toyoda.[17] Its first vehicles were the A1 passenger car and the G1 in 1935. Toyota Motor Co. was established as an independent and separate company in 1937.

[edit] Company overview
With over 30 million sold, the Corolla is one of the most popular and best selling cars in the world.

The Toyota Motor Company was awarded its first Japanese Quality Control Award at the start of the 1980s and began participating in a wide variety of Motorsports. Due to the 1973 oil crisis consumers in the lucrative U.S. market began turning to small cars with better fuel economy. American car manufacturers had considered small economy cars to be an "entry level" product, and their small vehicles were made to a low level of quality in order to keep the price low.

In 1982, the Toyota Motor Company and Toyota Motor Sales merged into one company, the Toyota Motor Corporation. Two years later, Toyota entered into a joint venture with GM called NUMMI, the New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc, operating an automobile manufacturing plant in Fremont, California. The factory was an old General Motors plant that had been closed for two years. Toyota then started to establish new brands at the end of the 1980s, with the launch of their luxury division Lexus in 1989.

In the 1990s Toyota began to branch out from producing mostly compact cars by adding many larger and more luxurious vehicles to its lineup, including a full sized pickup, the T100 (and later the Tundra), several lines of SUVs, a sport version of the Camry, known as the Camry Solara, and the Scion brand, a group of several affordable, yet sporty, automobiles targeted specifically to young adults. Toyota also began production of the world's best selling hybrid car, the Prius, in 1997.

With a major presence with Europe, due to the success of Toyota Team Europe, the corporation decided to set up TMME, Toyota Motor Europe Marketing & Engineering, to help market vehicles in the continent. Two years later, Toyota set up a base in the United Kingdom, TMUK, as the company's cars had become very popular among British drivers. Bases in Indiana, Virginia and Tianjin were also set up. In 1999, the company decided to list itself on the New York and London Stock Exchange.

In 2001, Toyota's Toyo Trust and Banking merged to form the UFJ, United Financials of Japan, which was accused of corruption by the Japan's government for making bad loans to alleged Yakuza crime syndicates with executives accused of blocking Financial Service Agency inspections.[18] The UFJ was listed among Fortune Magazine's largest money-losing corporations in the world, with Toyota's chairman serving as a director.[19] At the time, the UFJ was one of the largest shareholders of Toyota. As a result of Japan's banking crisis, the UFJ was merged again to become Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group.

In 2002, Toyota managed to enter a Formula One works team and establish joint ventures with French motoring companies Citroën and Peugeot, a year after Toyota started producing cars in France.

Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world's leading companies for the year 2005.[20] The company was number one in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008.[21]

On December 7, 2004, a U.S. press release was issued stating that Toyota would be offering Sirius Satellite Radios. However, as late as January 27, 2007, Sirius Satellite Radio and XM Satellite radio kits were not available for Toyota factory radios.[citation needed] While the press release enumerated nine models, only limited availability existed at the dealer level in the U.S. As of 2008, all Toyota and Scion models have either standard or available XM radio kits. Major Lexus dealerships have been offering satellite radio kits for Lexus vehicles since 2005, in addition to factory-equipped satellite radio models.

In 2007, Toyota released an update of its full size truck, the Tundra, produced in two American factories, one in Texas and one in Indiana. "Motor Trend" named the Tundra "Truck of the Year," and the 2007 Toyota Camry "Car of the Year" for 2007. It also began the construction of two new factories, one to build the RAV4 in Woodstock, Ontario, Canada and the other to build the Toyota Prius in Blue Springs, Mississippi, USA. This plant was originally intended to build the Toyota Highlander, but Toyota decided to use the plant in Princeton, Indiana, USA instead. The company has also found recent success with its smaller models - the Corolla and Yaris - as gas prices have risen rapidly in the last few years.

maths

Some Famous Faces in the History of Maths...

maths history einstein

Albert Einstein (1879 - 1955)

"Do not worry about your difficulties in Mathematics. I can assure you mine are still greater."
maths history max planck
Max Planck
(1858 – 1947) maths history John venn
John Venn
(1834–1923)
maths history lord kelvin
Lord Kelvin
(1824 - 1907)
maths history george boole
George Boole
(1815 - 1864)
maths history charles babbage
Charles Babbage
(1791 - 1871)
maths history isaacnewton
Sir Isaac Newton
(1643 - 1727)
maths history blaise pascal
Blaise Pascal
(1623 - 1662) maths history john napier
John Napier
(1550 - 1617)
maths history fibonacci
Fibonacci
(1170 - 1250) maths history omar khayyam
Omar Khayyam
(1048 - 1131)
maths history hipparchus
Hipparchus
(c190 - 120 BC) maths history archimedes
Archimedes
(c287 - 212 BC)
maths history aristarchus
Aristarchus
(310 - 230 BC) maths history pythagoras
Pythagoras
(582 - 507 BC)


The History of Mathematics
For countless thousands of years mankind has had a fascination with his environment, trying to find reason, meaning and purpose in all that is – and then exploiting it.

This desire, or obsession, to understand and achieve continues to influence our lives to this day – perhaps increasingly so as our reliance on technology accelerates. Where, when and why it all began we can only guess – but here's a brief progress report so far:

Circa 30,000BC
Palaeolithic peoples in Europe record numbers on bones.

Circa 5000BC
A decimal number system is in use in Egypt.

Circa 3400BC
The first number symbols, simple straight lines, are used in Egypt.

Circa 3000BC
The abacus is used in the Middle East and Mediterranean areas.

Circa 1850BC
Babylonians know Pythagoras's Theorem.

Circa 1800BC
Babylonians use multiplication tables.

Circa 1400BC
A decimal number system, with no zero, is used in China

530BC
Pythagoras of Samos moves to Croton in Italy and teaches mathematics, geometry, music – and reincarnation.

Circa 450BC
Greeks begin to use written numerals.

Circa 290BC
Aristarchus of Samos uses a geometric method to calculate the distance of the Sun and the Moon from Earth. He also proposes that the Earth orbits the Sun.

Circa 250BC
Archimedes gives the formulae for calculating the volume of a sphere and a cylinder. He also gives an approximation of the value of π. He studies hydrostatics and explains what is now called "Archimedes' principle".

127BC
Hipparchus discovers the precession of the equinoxes and calculates the length of the year to within 6.5 minutes of the correct value. He uses an early form of trigonometry in his astronomical work.

Circa 1AD
Liu Hsin, a Chinese mathematician uses decimal fractions.

Circa 700
Mathematicians in the Mayan civilization introduce a symbol for zero into their number system.

Circa 810
The 'House of Wisdom' is established in Baghdad, where Greek and Indian mathematical and astronomical works are translated into Arabic.

950
Gerbert of Aurillac (later Pope Sylvester II) reintroduces the abacus into Europe. He uses Indian/Arabic numerals without having a zero.

976
Codex Vigilanus is copied in Spain and contains the first evidence of decimal numbers in Europe.

1072
Al-Khayyami (Omar Khayyam) writes Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra which contains a complete classification of cubic equations with geometric solutions found by means of intersecting conic sections. He measures the length of the year to be 365.24219858156 days.

Circa 1200
The Chinese start to use a symbol for zero.

1202
Fibonacci (Leonardo of Pisa) writes Liber abaci (The Book of the Abacus), which sets out the arithmetic and algebra he had learnt in Arab countries. It also introduces the famous sequence of numbers now called the "Fibonacci sequence".

1248
Li Yeh writes a book which contains negative numbers, denoted by putting a diagonal stroke through the last digit.

1336
Mathematics becomes a compulsory subject for a degree at the University of Paris.

1489
Widman writes an arithmetic book in German which contains the first appearance of + and - signs.

1514
Vander Hoecke uses the + and - signs.

1606
Snell makes the first attempt to measure a degree of the meridian arc on the Earth's surface, and so determine the size of the Earth.

1612
Bachet publishes a work on mathematical puzzles and tricks which will form the basis for almost all later books on mathematical recreations. He devises a method of constructing magic squares.

1614
Napier publishes his work on logarithms.

1617
Napier invents Napier's bones, consisting of numbered sticks, as a mechanical calculator.

1626
Albert Girard publishes a treatise on trigonometry containing the first use of the abbreviations sin, cos, tan. He also gives formulae for the area of a spherical triangle.

1631
Harriot's contributions are published ten years after his death in Artis analyticae praxis (Practice of the Analytic Art). The book introduces the symbols > and < for "greater than" and "less than" but these symbols are due to the editors of the work and not Harriot himself.

1642
Pascal builds a calculating machine to help his father with tax calculations. It performs only additions.

1659
Rahn publishes Teutsche algebra which contains ÷ (the division sign) probably invented by Pell.

1706
Jones introduces the Greek letter π to represent the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.

1707
Newton publishes Arithmetica universalis (General Arithmetic) which contains a collection of his results in algebra.

1753
Simson notes that in the Fibonacci sequence the ratio between adjacent numbers approaches the golden ratio.

1783
Royal Society of Edinburgh is founded.

1815
Peter Roget (the author of Roget's Thesaurus) invents the "log-log" slide rule.

1823
Babbage begins construction of a large "difference engine" which is able to calculate logarithms and trigonometric functions. He was using the experience gained from his small "difference engine" which he constructed between 1819 and 1822.

1847
Boole publishes The Mathematical Analysis of Logic, in which he shows that the rules of logic can be treated mathematically rather than metaphysically. Boole's work lays the foundation of computer logic.

1848
Thomson (Lord Kelvin) proposes the absolute temperature scale now named after him.

1858
Möbius describes a strip of paper that has only one side and only one edge. Now known as the "Möbius strip", it has the surprising property that it remains in one piece when cut down the middle. Listing makes the same discovery in the same year.

1859
Mannheim invents the first modern slide rule that has a "cursor" or "indicator".

1864
London Mathematical Society founded.

1867
Moscow Mathematical Society is founded.

1872
Société Mathématique de France is founded.

1881
Venn introduces his "Venn diagrams" which become a useful tools in set theory.

1883
The Edinburgh Mathematical Society is founded.

1890
St Petersburg Mathematical Society is founded.

1901
Planck proposes quantum theory.

1905
Einstein publishes the special theory of relativity.

1907
Einstein publishes his principle of equivalence, in which says that gravitational acceleration is indistinguishable from acceleration caused by mechanical forces. It is a key ingredient of general relativity.

1908
Hardy and Weinberg present a law describing how the proportions of dominant and recessive genetic traits would be propagated in a large population. This establishes the mathematical basis for population genetics.

1915
Einstein submits a paper giving a definitive version of the general theory of relativity.

1922
Richardson publishes Weather Prediction by Numerical Process. He is the first to apply mathematics, in particular the method of finite differences, to predicting the weather. The calculations are prohibitive by hand calculation and only the development of computers will make his idea a reality.

1935
Church invents "lambda calculus" which today is an invaluable tool for computer scientists.

1948
Norbert Wiener publishes Cybernetics: or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. The term "cybernetics" is due to Wiener. The book details work done on the theory of information control, particularly applied to computers.

1948
Shannon invents information theory and applies mathematical methods to study errors in transmitted information. This becomes of vital importance in computer science and communications.

1949
Mauchly and John Eckert build the Binary Automatic Computer (BINAC). One of the major advances of this machine is that data is stored on magnetic tape rather than on punched cards.

1975
Mandelbrot publishes Les objets fractals, forme, hasard et dimension which describes the theory of fractals.

1982
Mandelbrot publishes The fractal geometry of nature which develops his theory of fractal geometry more fully than his work of 1975.

early mordern histry of science

Early Modern History of Science - Printed Books

Especially for chemistry and the related field of alchemy--but with notable collections as well in dentistry, botany, and agriculture--Departmental resources are strong. Resources in other areas of the sciences include such standard works as those by Vesalius, Copernicus, Pare, Hooke, and Newton; but these works are not always works represented in their earliest printed editions.

The history of chemistry before 1850 is the special focus of the Edgar Fahs Smith Memorial Collection. Smith holds some material relevant to the history of science generally, as well as materials which postdate 1850, but its major strength is chemistry before that date. Its subspecialties include the history of chemical education; such allied fields as metallurgy and mining, dyeing, and fireworks; alchemy, especially in the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries; illustrative materials (including portraits of chemists and depictions of chemical laboratories, processes, and apparatus); and the publications, and some manuscripts, of Robert Boyle and Joseph Priestley.

Illustration from De Stirpium by Leonhart Fuchs (Basle: [Michael Isengrin], 1549) The Thomas W. Evans Collection gathers resources for the historical study of dentistry. These extend back to the seventeenth century and supplement area medical history collections. Runs of nineteenth-century dental journals are well-represented.





Botanicals, many from the collection of Penn Professor of Botany John W. Harshberger, include such books as the Hortus sanitatis; a beautifully-bound, heavily-annotated, and hand-colored illustrated copy of Leonhart Fuchs, De stirpium (Basle 1549); works by Brunfels and Gerard, and other similar works.

Agricultural history is the special province of the library of the Philadelphia Society for Promoting Agriculture, the oldest American agricultural improvement society, which is housed in the Department. Classical as well as modern texts are preserved in this library; so are many of its own printed and manuscript records.

early mordern histry of chemistry

Early Modern History - Printed Books

The Department contains many older works on national, regional, and local history and customs. Both universal histories, such as Hartmann Schedel's Nuremberg Chronicle (the Liber Chronicarum of 1493), and more modern historical works, including those by writers such as Machiavelli, Seyssel, Hume, and Voltaire, are represented. The history of Italian city-states is one focus of the Henry Charles Lea Library. An extensive collection of broadsides and pamphlets documents multitudinous aspects of civic life and its regulation in Brunswick (Brauenschweig) from 1547 through 1857, while a substantial collection of mazarinades documents seventeenth-century French political controversies.

Mico Chlucco the Long Warrior or King of the Siminoles - Frontispiece from Travels . . .by William Bartram (London: J. Johnson, 1792) American history is heavily collected. The Robert Dechert Collection contains printed materials relating the experiences of French explorers of North and South America, as well as documenting North American Jesuit relations. Works that illustrate Native American life and costumes are another emphasis of the Dechert Collection. Early examples include several volumes of Theodor De Bry's India occidentalis (Frankfurt 1591); later examples include M'Kenney and Hall. Later North American travel literature is also strongly represented. Early narratives of the Lewis and Clark expedition and such nineteenth-century illustrated books as those by Maximilian Wied von Neuwied and Karl Bodmer complement some of the great rarities of later western overland travel, including works by Zenas Leonard and John Hale.

Portrait of Benjamin Franklin, engraved by C. Goodman and R. Piggot from an original painting by Martin for the Analectic Magazine Published by M. Thomas, 1818 Philadelphia-centered materials include early works by William Penn and other Quaker leaders of the Pennsylvania colony, and historical narratives. Significant examples of Benjamin Franklin's work as a Philadelphia printer are preserved in the Curtis Collection, donated by the Curtis Publishing Company and containing more than 280 titles printed by Franklin and his associates between 1719 and 1780. Of particular importance to the history of the University of Pennsylvania are Franklin's pamphlets--some written as well as printed by him--concerning the educational philosophy upon which he hoped to establish the Academy out of which Penn was to grow. For related holdings see the list of manuscripts concerning political and social history in modern America.



A recently-acquired collection--The Esther B. Aresty Collection of Rare Books in the Culinary Arts--includes predominantly printed sources but also some manuscript items that document the history of cookery and also shed ancillary light on women's literacy, the history of medicine ("recipes" could be medical as well as culinary), household organization, behavior, and other aspects of early modern and recednt life. Texts run from fifteenth-century editions of Platina and manuscripts of Apicius, through La Varenne, Brillat-Savarin, and other seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century cookery writers, to a small selection of twentieth-century cookbooks.

history of chemistry

Incunables

The Department holds over 560 exemplars of books printed in Europe from movable type before 1501. Sixty-six of these titles are the only recorded copies in North America. These volumes contain texts in religion, philosophy, and ancient and modern literature.

Hand-colored woodcut of Helen of Troy from Boccacio's Von etlichen frowen
A few notable exemplars include the Aldine Aristotle (Venice 1495-1498), which complements the Department's many other early printed editions of and commentaries on Aristotle, as well as its manuscript commentaries on Aristotle; Boccaccio's De claris mulieribus in German, Von etlichen frowen (Ulm: Johann Zainer, [not before 15 August 1473]), a copy with beautifully hand-colored illustrations; the Inamoramento di Carlo Magno ([Venice:] Georgius Walch, 20 July 1481), one of the only two known surviving copies of this vernacular (Italian) verse romance on the life of Charlemagne; one of two recorded copies in North America of the editio princeps of Horace (Venice, ca. 1471-2); and a number of titles "not in Goff"--not listed, that is, in Incunabula in American Libraries: A Third Census, comp. and ed. Frederick R. Goff (New York 1964)--such as the Summa in virtutes cardinales et vitia illis [con]traria . . . [Paris: Ulrich Gering and Guillermus Maynyal, 16 August 1480] (Hain 15173), a treatise on the virtues and vices that is part of a collection of texts on this subject.

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